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This article tries to discover whether filmic stereotypes of Muslims in general and Arabs in particular have undergone any changes since 9/11, and if they have, what new character types have been developed to reflect these images. In the course of this study, results from other researchers who have examined the presentation of Muslims on the screen both before and after 9/11 are referred to, with a view of highlighting the sustained, unchanging character features, as well as detecting new formations. A variety of films, which have been released since 2011, incorporating Muslim and Arab characters, are used in this research and the physical appearance attributes and behavioral attributes as described by Mastro and Greenberg have been utilized to help with the analysis. The most important finding is that in the 10-year period following 9/11, although some familiar characterizations still hit the screen occasionally, there has been a tendency to reconstruct more convincing Muslim and Arab cinematic characters. Also noticeable is the fact that the narrative at times focuses on their ethnicity or economic status more than their religious beliefs. Continued research will show if this is a passing phase or the beginning of an end to Muslim and Arab stereotyping in American cinema.
While there is ample academic material exploring the cinematic role of James Bond and the “Bond Girl”, this paper chooses to focus on and examine the significance of Turkish female representations in three films set in Istanbul: From Russia with Love (Terence Young, 1963), The World Is Not Enough (Michael Apted, 1999) and Skyfall (Sam Mendes, 2012). The varying representations in these films are scrutinized to investigate how they distinguish Turkish female characters and the connotations of Istanbul over time and whether this depiction is connected with Turkey’s changing position vis-à-vis the Western world. These questions thus have historical implications and point to the country’s geopolitical role at the time each film was released, and its effects on the female’s depiction and the plot. From a contextual analytical standpoint, factors such as costume theory, sexual objectification, post-colonialism and the “male gaze” are taken into account in the examination of the case studies.
Turkish Women in James Bond Films (pdf)
DownloadCV JUNE 2020 (pdf)
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